The Early Renaissance Use and Abuse of Petrarch

Petrarch, Trionfo della morte (Triumph of Death) Manuscript Fragment, ca. 1400

These two artifacts speak to the inherent vulnerability of medieval books, even large bound codices intended to stand through the ages as integral, lasting monuments. Both contain the verses of the late-medieval proto-humanist Petrarch. Both also embody the destruction of medieval manuscripts preserved, not on their own but as recycled waste used to bind other, later printed books.

One is a single-leaf fragment of Petrarch’s Trionfo della morte (Triumph of Death), one of a series of six poetic explorations of classical Roman triumphs that also encompassed Love, Chastity, Fame, Time, and Eternity. A veritable “best seller” throughout the Italian Renaissance, Petrarch’s meditation on human mortality in these manuscript pages has Death pluck a golden hair from the head of the poet’s beloved Laura, causing her death, but not preventing her from returning from heaven to comfort the forlorn poet after his loss.

Too often, booksellers, collectors, and librarians would simply remove and throw away early bindings, replacing them with more sumptuous ones designed to celebrate the rarity of the imprint they contained and thus eliminating potentially critical provenance information. Nevertheless, we can at least be grateful for the entirely unintentional survival of this leaf and its preservation. It also constitutes a particularly early scribal fragment of the Trionfi, likely handwritten in a fine rounded humanista hand near the time of Petrarch’s death or shortly thereafter, making it an especially important witness to the scribal tradition of the poem. Further analysis of any variations between this early scribal exemplar and the subsequent textus receptus of the poem may yield potentially fruitful philological findings.

This solitary leaf has as its antithesis JHU’s complete first incunabular edition of Petrarch’s Opera Latina, printed in 1496 by the leading Basel printer at the turn of the sixteenth century, Johann Amerbach, who was also instrumental in introducing novel roman humanistic letterforms north of the Alps. It is not without irony that even this magnificent monument of literary compilation and preservation was itself made up partially of sacrificed medieval manuscript leaves used to strengthen its binding. The manuscript pages also reflect their own tradition of use and subsequent augmentation over generations of medieval readers. An apparent fragment of canon law text, these pages bear dozens of marginal and interlinear interpretive comments that remain as yet unstudied.

Petrarch, Trionfo della morte (Triumph of Death) Manuscript Fragment, ca. 1400
Petrarch, Opera Latina, 1496

In addition to these interesting medieval waste fragments, the printed pages of JHU’s copy of Petrarch’s Opera Latina also bear unique traces of scribal practice, including its cleanly ruled lines, alternate red-and-blue manuscript initial letters, and utilitarian manuscript page numbers whose ranges were later summarized in a further scribal table of contents on the volume’s primitive, no-frills title page.

In recent years the binding of this volume had begun to disintegrate, due to its intensive use in classroom instruction and research, and was taken by the Sheridan Libraries’ Conservation Lab for a complete treatment of the entire binding structure. In the process, several medieval manuscript fragments—which had been pasted down on the binding’s internal early wooden boards in order to cover up the thick tawed alum strips set in carved grooves below—were removed. These were encapsulated in protective mylar and then bound back into the book in their original locations to support future exploration and study and to serve as an ideal teaching tool for late medieval binding structures. Despite this separation and stabilization of the medieval manuscript pages, shadows of the letterforms still remain on the wooden boards, which may have been chemically transferred there by the glue after it had been used some five hundred years ago.

—Kelsey Champagne, Earle Havens

Bibliography

Jorian R. Duivenvoorden, Anna Käyhkö, Erik Kwakkel, and Joris Dik, “Hidden Library: Visualizing Fragments of Medieval Manuscripts in Early-Modern Bookbindings with Mobile Macro-XRF Scanner,” Heritage Science 5:6 (2017); Francesco Guardini, “The Literary Impact of the Tronfi in the Renaissance,” in Konrad Eisenbichler and Amilcare A. Ianucci (eds.), Petrarch’s Triumphs: Allegory and Spectacle (Dovehouse Editions, 1990), 259–68; Eric J. Johnson and Scott Gwara, “‘The Butcher’s Bill’: Using the Schoenberg Database to Reverse-Engineer Medieval and Renaissance Manuscript Books from Constituent Fragments,” Manuscript Studies: A Journal of the Schoenberg Institute for Manuscript Studies, 1:2 (Fall 2016): 235–62; Neil Ker, Fragments of Medieval Manuscripts Used as Pastedowns in Oxford Bindings with a Survey of Oxford Binding, c. 1515–1620 (Oxford: Oxford Bibliographical Society, 1954).